Table 1. Description of buffer systems in shake-flask cultures.


Components
Concentrations (mM) and pH tested
Buffer capacity
pKa

Citric acid + NaOH
50 mM, pH 4.0; 50 mM, pH 4.8; 100 mM, pH 4.8

2.15-6.51

3.13; 4.76; 6.40

Formic acid + NaOH
50 mM, pH 4.0; 50 mM, pH 4.8; 100 mM, p H4.8

2.6-4.8

3.75

Potassium hydrogen phthalate + NaOH
50 mM, pH 4.0; 50mM, pH 4.8; 100 mM, pH 4.8

4.10-5.9

2.95; 5.41

Succinic acid + NaOH
50 mM, pH 4.0; 50 mM, pH 4.8; 100 mM, pH 4.8

3.8-6.0

4.21; 5.64

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