Figure 4. Schematic comparison of linkage analysis with designed mapping populations and association mapping with diverse collections. In linkage analysis (panel a, using F₂ design as an example), there are only few opportunities for recombination to occur within families and pedigrees of known ancestry, resulting in relatively low mapping resolution). In association mapping (panel b haplotype) historical recombination and natural genetic diversity were exploited for high resolution mapping. Linkage disequilibrium between a functional locus (yellow diamond for mutated allele) and molecular markers is low except for those within very short distance (Zhu et al. 2008).