Table 5 - Art, Biotechnology and the Culture of Peace

Table 5. Some examples on the scope and range of bioart.

Year	Art Exhibit/ Description	Remarks
Bio-Art Exhibitions, Festivals, etc.
1986 Exhibition, Westpac Gallery of Victoria Arts, Centre, Melbourne, Australia	The Brew ('Upstream') and The Wash ('Downstream') by Jan Senbergs	Commissioned by the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in celebration of its 70^thAnniversary which with his other works and photographs by Mark Johnson capture "the vivid celebration of the arts, science and industrial-scale biotechnology"
1991 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA	Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration. The Seeds of Change exhibit is named for five "seeds" --corn, potatoes, sugar, diseases and horses that through their key roles in initiating changes 500 years ago shaped the course of human history in the Americas; and altered the lives of people around the world	Commissioned by the Smithsonian Institution to capture the biological and cultural impacts - of the encounter between the Old and the New worlds. Panel versions of "Seeds of Change", are co-sponsored by the American Library Association and the Smithsonian Travelling Exhibition Service (SITES)
1999 Roche Molecular Biochemicals Exhibition^a	The Art of Biochemistry (where science meets art) by Manfred Kage	Commissioned by Roche Molecular Biochemicals with impressive pictorials of bio-chemical and enzymatic products used in industrial applications
2000, April Exit Gallery, Montana State University-Bozeman, Montana, USA	Bioglyphs by artists Robert Royhl and Sara Mast with researchers Betsey Pitts, Phil Stewart and graphic artist Peg Dirclox	"A collaboration created by the MSU-Bozeman School of Art, the Center for Biofilm Engineering and billions of bioluminescent bacteria"
2001 The Saatchi Gallery Eyestorm Collection^b, London, UK	Several paintings in the 1990s: Negative; Elements; Growth Series; Pulse 2; Symbiosis; Bifurcation by Mark Francis	Paintings modeled on the scientific images of microbiology - using microbes and magnified cells
April Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, Washington, USA	Gen Terra by Critical Art Ensemble (CAE)^c, Gene(sis)	Premiere of "Participatory Transgenic DNA Performance" -Exhibition of Contemporary Art that explores human genomics through an arts-based public dialogue
June New York Museum, New York, USA	GenTerra	Audience participation in lab practices using genetic materials and DNA recombinant technology to grow transgenic bacteria
September Warren Robbins Gallery, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA	Radioactive Biohazard: Reinterpreting Biotechnology as Art by geneticist and artist Hunter O'Reilly^d and MARJ Inman of Electric Eye Neon	Interpretative aid to obtaining a better understanding of science through art using fluorescent micrographs of actual cells and microbes
October- December Coroccan Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., USA	Molecular Invasion, by CAE with Beatriz Da Costa and Claire Pentecost	Collective participation and will attempts to reverse genetically modified crops
October/November, Gallery Oldham Manchester, UK^e	Clean Rooms: Art Meets Biotechnology Exhibition by the Arts Catalyst- (Silvers Alter - Gina Czarnecki; Gen Terra - CAE; Uncontrolled Hermit - Neil White and From Farm to Pharm - Brandon Ballengée)	Societal and ethical issues of biotechnology dealt with through art works, computer graphics and performances that explore perceptions of clean room environments, containment, evolution and transgenics
002 June, Exhibition Best Western Hotel Greifswald, Germany	Biotechnicum by Myrtle Clark Bremer	Images of marine microorganisms at International Conference 'Natural Products from Marine Microorganisms' organized by the Institute of Marine Biotechnology with support from the European Society for Marine Biotechnology
2003 February (online) Rudolfov, Czech Republic^f July -Townshend International School, Hluboka nad Vltavaou, Czech Republic	Dialogue of Science with Art by Civic Initiative Group Science and Art, Bridge of Minds- Dialogue of Cultures	Initiative created to bridge the communication gap between artists and scientists. Goals were: 1) discovery of artistic inspirations in the organic and inorganic worlds; 2) to discover the joy of creativity and knowledge in the science=art equation
March - May Art Biotech Exposure, Nantes, France	Genesis - biotech art from Eduardo Kac^g(Brazil/USA); Symbiotica^h /Tissue Culture and Art (Australia); George Gessertⁱ(USA); Marta deMenezes^j(Portugal); Joe Davis^k(USA); Marion Laval-Jeantet and Benoit Mangin^l(France), etc.	A collection of works that capture the aesthetics of natural systems in creative art that mimics godlike power and facilitates acceptance of les studios biotechnologiques
April - August 2003 TwoTen Gallery, Welcome Building, London. UK	Four Plus: Writing DNA - celebrating the 50^th anniversary of the discovery of the structure of DNA by ten artists: Kevin Clarke, Jessica Curry and Dan Pinchbeck, Richard Dedomenici, Gair Dunlop, Ruth Maclennan, Penny McCarthy, Gonzalo Páramo Pino and Graeme J. Walker	Commissioned by the Wellcome Trust an exhibition that with a focus on James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins shows new perspectives in the discovery of DNA; and that captures the social history and passion of science
June - August Natural History Museum, London, UK	Work by Critical Art Ensemble CAE with Beatriz DaCosta	CAE presentation gives public an opportunity to decide upon the pros and cons of transgenics and to even create their own GMOs
June - September, Schirn, Kunsthalle Frankfurt,Germany	Free Range Grain by CAE with Beatriz DaCosta and Shyh-shiun Shyu^m	Designed as a "live performative, conceptual art project for a European audience to examine" (if the EU can maintain it's borders' in a relationship of "(gene-contaminated)" commodity and borders in a global economy"
2003, December - 2004 (February) Govett-Brewster Art Gallery New Plymouth, New Zealand	Gene Pool by Len Lye	Works from the Len Lye Foundation Collection with considerations of nearly "the direct transposition of the chemistries of generic information"
Games
2003, May Presentedby Creative Time with Hamaca and released by Natalie Bookchin	Metapet - a world (with socioethical implications) in which an uncooperative worker is replaced with a genetically - engineered human	The world's first transgenic virtual pet game in which biotech resulting from biotech innovation in which genetic engineering and the culture of corporate creativity give rise to novel pets^{n, o}
Paintings
1992 Amoeba Art Incorporated Enon, Ohio, USA	The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, David, Summer's Day at the Park, Much Ado About nothing, etc. - by artist /microbiologist Vincent Lessar and Armin Forte	Total integration of art and science is achieved in aesthetic unicellular microscopic slide paintings that result from use of extensive scientific research and skilled microscopic techniques^p
1998 6^th Annual Digital Salon, School of Digital Arts, November, New York, USA	Transmission Helix; Manhattan Microbes, Helicopter Microbes, and Airplane Microbes - created in 1997 and 1998 by Ale Heilner, New York-based artist and educator	"This series of 'microbe images' seeks to invert traditional understanding of internal and external environments^q
2002, February Natuurmuseum Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands	Group Portrait of^r Microorganisms by Wim van Egmond	Emphasizes the role of Microorganisms and the variety of life in Nature's museum of biodiversity
2003, April New York Academy of Sciences Exhibition	Secret Agents: The Microbe Paintings by Suzanne Joelson	Exhibition of 11 paintings that makes art through the microscope of aesthetic colours out of invisible microbes often feared^s
April - August TwoTen Gallery	Four Plus: Writing DNA	Exhibition celebrating the 50^th anniversary of the discovery of the structure of DNA
October Art Gallery, Genome News Network	Dabbling in DNA^t- describes some 25 paintings by Luis Soriano -aka as Negro da Ponte (Argentine/France)	Paintings done between 1974 - 1976 captured the abstract aesthetics of the DNA molecule
November Art Gallery. Genome News Network	Petal Power in Monkey flowers^u- describes observations by H.W. Bradshaw Jr. and D.W. Schemske	Focuses on colour relationships between the birds and the bees
Sculptural Works
1991 Smithsonian Institution, USA	Spaghetti Meets Tomato by Roark Gourley in Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration	Commissioned by the Smithsonian Institution, the 3-dimensional wall sculpture captures the food and cultural perspectives of an historic meeting of two worlds
2003 Philadelphia International Airport	a) The Balance of Nature by Steven Donegan is based on microorganisms that have been "enlarged and reinterpreted in copper" (Terminal B). b) Animal Instincts captures the reality of nature in porcelain by Linda Cordell (Terminal E) - Philadelphia International Airport (2003)	Seemingly, such exhibitions provide and quiet and soothing environments conducive to reducing stress-related conditions
August 2003 - April 2004 Creative Time presents Peace as part of the Art on the Plaza series at The Ritz-Carlton New York, Battery Park, USA	Peace by Zhang Huan in which a large bronze bell (inscribed with the names of the artist's ancestors from his native Chinese village) hangs next to a gilded life cast of the artist's rigid perpendicular naked body carrying naturalistic details such as creases in the skin and strands of hair	Peace explores ancestral history and ethnic assimilation whilst embodying the relation of experience to environment, identity to culture, and body to spirit through performance, photography, and sculpture
2003, November - February, 2004 Singapore Expo, Hall 1	Bodyworlds by Gunther von Hagen	Uses plastination - a process that solidifies body tissues and preserves form and colour
Miscellanea - Humour, Language, Opinions, Views, etc.
1979, November 10-11 The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	World's Oil Supply May be Eaten Away by Art Buchwald	Humoristic article following Supreme Court agreement to decide whether one "can patent a new life form created by man in laboratory"
1996, November 28 The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	Ok., I'll Talk Turkey by Art Buchwald	Relates the origin of a food tradition on "le Jour de Merci Donnant" for French readers
1997, May 29 The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	Literature and Lepidoptera by Steve Coates	"Butterfly specialists sing the praises of the Nabokov blues"
2000, July 23 Denver Post (DP), Miami Herald (MH), and The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	Genetics is a funny business (DP); and as Cracking the Code ( in MH and IHT) by Dave Barry	Humoristic article with focus on significance of DNA
2003, November 15-16 The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	It's Flu Season Again, So Get Your Snail Shot	Humoristic strategy and precautions to avoid catching a cold or flu
2003, July 10 The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	The Incredible Shrinking Y by Maureen Dowd	Female dominance in the future?
1997, April 6 The International Herald Tribune (IHT); The New York Times (NYT)	Consider The Clone: Duplication of Effort (IHT); Clone, Clone, Clone, Clone (NYT) by William Safire	Instructive article in Language Section on the origin of "clone" as a noun, verb and adjective and its significance in linguistics and political metaphors
2000, October 15 ON LINE OPINION- Australia's e-journal of social and political debate http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/	The Wonderful World of Genetic Whimsies by Wendy	Observations on the whimsical sides of genes and biotechnology
2001, April 16 The International Herald Tribune (IHT)	The Disease with the Changing First	Article in Language Section on nomenclature of Foot and Mouth Disease. Also known to describe a gaffe or dentapedalogy, i.e. The science of opening one's mouth and putting one's foot into it?

^aSee Biochemica Newsletter, 1999, no. 3. Available from Internet: http://www.roche-applied-science.com/PROD_INF/BIOCHEMI/no3_99/PG42.PDF.

^bSee http://www.eyestorm.com/saatchi/biograph-yfrancis-.asp; http://www.contemporaryfinearts.de/lay/turk/bio_turk.html and http://www.eyestorm.com/artist/Mark_Francis.aspx.

^cBiotech art displays and performances (i.e.Gene(sis), Yougenics, GenTerra, Cult of the New Eve,Contestational Biotechnology, Society for Reproductive Anachronisms, The Flesh Machine, Free Range Grain, have been held at the Beursschouwl, Brussels, Belgium; the Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland; The Public Nethase Museum Quartier, Vienna, Austria; The Kapellica Museum, Ljubljana, Slovenia; The Kunsthall Frankfurt, Germany; Rutgers State University, New Jersey, USA; The Museum of Contemporray Art, Toulouse, France; the Korean Web Art Festival, Seoul, Republic of Korea, etc. See http://critical.art.net for displays in 2003 and 2004.

^dExplores implications of biotechnology for humanity and confronts headline issues such as anthrax, human cloning, DNA forensics, etc.; See also Living Drawings in http://www.artbyhunter.com/.

^eSee http://www.nhm.ac.uk/cleanrooms/crhome.htm.

^fDialogue between Science and Art was officially established in May 2002 by Dr. Michal Giboda. See http://giboda.aoedesign.de/profile.html.

^gGreen fluorescent bunny (GFB) created with Louis Bec, Louis-Marie Houdebine and Patrick Prunet, Jouy-en-Josas Center, France, 2000.http://www.ekac.org/; See also http://www.ekac.org/genexhis.html for details of an exhibition history of Genesis.

^hTissue culture used as a tool of artistic forms that blur the boundaries between what is born/manufactured, animate/inanimate in tissue sculptures of Pig Wings, Disembodied Cuisine, Artificial Wombs (see also Biofeel: Art and Biology Exhibition, Perth, Australia (August, 2002). See http://www.symbiotica.uwa.edu.au/ for displays in 2003 and 2004. q

^I The art world is more friendly to the Darwinist view that every aspect of culture is an expression of nature. This view, by the way, is also shared by Buddhists, Taoists, and many Native Americans, among others from On Exhibiting Hybrids in Art + Technology Supplement of CIRCA (http://www.recirca.com/) 90, p. 08-09.

^jSee http://artplusscience.free.fr/05menezes.htm for painting of genes and chromosomes in human cells, real time brain functioning, and creation of live butterflies with modified wing patterns (NucleArt).

^kEminence grise of the bioart movement' developed DNAgraphy for use in artistic messages and poetic images. See Conformations of the MICROVENUS http://www.uwm.edu/~horeilly/bioart/joedavis/papersbyjoedavis/conformatmicrovenusjoedavis.pdf

^lSee Art orienté objet,édition de 2003, 183 p. (Bookstorminghttp://www.bookstorming.com/), 24, rue de Penthièvre ,75008 Paris, France.

^mMoved from Germany to Next Five Minutes Tactical Festival, Amsterdam, Holland, then to the Esc Gallery Graz, Austria (December, 2003); and then to the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, Massachusetts, Boston, USA - personal communication with Steve Kurtz of CAE.

ⁿhttp://metapet.net/index.html andhttp://www.hamaca.org/.

^oGlowing red zebra fish developed in 2001 at the National University of Singapore by Professor Gong Zhiyuan will from 2004 be on sale in the USA as the first genetically modified pet New Scientist.com news service 24 November, 2003. See http://www.newscientist.com/news/.

^pSeehttp://www.rit.edu/~scu9387/corporation/.

^qSee http://www.wordcircuits.com/gallery/sandsoot/heilner.html.

^rSee February 2002 edition of Micscape Magazine for text of "Group Portrait of Microorganisms -Making an Art work for the Natuurmuseum Rotterdam" by Wim van Egmond (http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artfeb02/artwork.html).

^sSee http://www.nyas.org/about/newsDetails.asp?newsID=26&year=2003.

^tSee http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/10_03/soriano.shtml, article by Birgit Reinert.

^uSee http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/11_03/monkeyflower.shtml, article by Birgit Reinert.

Games

Paintings